Physiological Responses to Heat Stress During High-risk Events

Exertional heat stroke (EHS) affects \~500 Military Personnel (MSMR, 2022) and over 100 Soldiers (Giersch et al, 2022) every year. EHS is the most severe form of exertional heat illness and can result in substantial, long-lasting organ damage and sometimes death. While some risk factors for EHS are known (Roberts et al, 2021), and the investigators have effective treatments available (Caldwell et al, 2022), EHS cases are not 100% preventable. Furthermore, it is not possible to investigate EHS directly in the laboratory, as safety criteria limit the core temperatures (Tcore) permitted. Therefore, clinicians must rely on prospective clinical investigations after normal training or events (e.g. road races, marathons, etc.).

Collecting data on Soldiers who experience heat stroke helps further our understanding of potential predisposing factors, recovery, and long-term health consequences. Specifically, biomarkers of cardiac, kidney, muscle, and liver damage can inform recovery and return-to-duty (RTD) decisions, but the direct effect of EHS on these systems remains largely unknown. Recent discussions with international colleagues, including the Surgeon General of the Israeli Defense Force, highlight the need for a prospective identification of those at greatest risk for EHS (BG Elon Glassberg, Surgeon General, Israeli Defense Force, personal communication, September 2022).

The proposed study will utilize a similar approach as that employed by a previous study (Kenney et al, 2012), that examined serum creatine kinase (CK) levels in a cohort of healthy basic trainees at Fort Moore. While 200 IU/L is commonly the upper limit of normal values, they found that trainees often had CK values exceeding 1,000 IU/L, which reflects chronic high-intensity physical training, rather than a pathological condition such as exertional rhabdomyolysis (ER). The findings from this paper have influenced the diagnostic criteria for ER, such that a CK level of 50x the upper limit of normal is often required for diagnosis. The effect, if any, of chronic/routine high intensity physical training on other biomarkers, such as creatinine for acute kidney injury and alanine aminotransferase/aspartate aminotransferase (ALT/AST) for liver injury, is unknown. Knowledge of the 'normal' physiological response to exercise-heat stress, as assessed by biomarkers of end-organ function, may potentially guide healthcare providers diagnostic decision-making process and prevent over-diagnosis of conditions. This in turn may result in shorter limited duty time and improved readiness. The proposed investigation will utilize a similar approach, but in a cohort relevant to EHS.

Whereas most EHS cases occur during ruck marches and timed runs (DeGroot et al, MSMR 2022), what is less clear is what represents a "positive" or adaptive physiological response to these high-risk events. One of the goals of the present project will be to identify biomarkers of "successful" exposure to high-risk events. These biomarkers would be present in individuals who successfully complete the events, but don't experience an exertional heat illness (effectively acting as a healthy control to EHS cases). The prospective quantification of differences between EHS cases and healthy controls could provide insights into useful biomarkers (including markers of kidney, liver, and cardiac injury) to differentiate between patients and aid in the identification and treatment of EHS. The results of this study, therefore, will likely contribute to the identification of EHS-specific biomarkers or biomarker levels (i.e. clinical values) to develop better guidance for prevention, treatment and return-to-duty.

If successful, this work can be followed up by investigating treatments for EHS and their response to biomarkers immediately following hyperthermia and during recovery. Identifying the recovery period for these biomarkers in healthy individuals following high risk events will yield greater knowledge in EHS specific biomarkers and recovery. Follow-on work could also investigate EHS severity and the spectrum of exertional heat injuries to evaluate risk and prognostic factors.

None - observational study

Time frame: Collected only during training, pre-exercisce, post-exercise, and after recovery (from 0-36 hours)

Body temperature recorded during training

Time frame: Measured at least once every 6 hours for up to 36 hours

Serum creatinine measures to evaluate kidney function

Time frame: Measured at least once every 6 hours for up to 36 hours

Measure of liver function (ALT) from blood

Time frame: Measured at least once every 6 hours for up to 36 hours

Liver function measure (AST) from blood

Time frame: Measured during training only from start of training up to completion (~4 hours)

Heart rate measured during activity

Time frame: Measured at least once every 6 hours for up to 36 hours

Measure of kidney function (KIM-1) from urine

Time frame: Measured at least once every 6 hours for up to 36 hours

Kidney function measures (creatinine) from urine

Time frame: Measured at least once every 6 hours for up to 36 hours

Blood sodium concentration

Physiological Responses to Heat Stress During High-risk Events