Establishing the Glycaemic Index of Fruit Drinks Using Different Measurement Methodologies
Glycaemic Index · Glycaemic Response Measurements
What this study involves
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- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Not applicable
- Age range
- 18 years - 65 years
- Sex eligible
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Participants
- 11 Actual
These are starting points, not an eligibility decision. The research team must review the full requirements.
About the research
Glycaemic responses to carbohydrates ingested as fruit sugars may vary depending on factors inherent to the fruit and the type of sugar. The aim of this project is to investigate the glycaemic responses to a range of commercially available fruit drinks and to establish the glycaemic index for each product relative to a glucose reference. Differences in recorded responses could also be influenced by the sample type (capillary blood vs interstitial fluid) and participant characteristics. Participants will ingest 8 test drinks including 5 different fruit drinks (OJ, AJ, S\&B, ENERGISE, BLUE), each matched for carbohydrate to the glucose reference (CONTROL) which will be sampled two times, an additional sample of one of the smoothies (S\&B) will also be replicated. Fingerstick capillary blood sampling alongside dual sited continuous glucose monitors (CGM) will measure glucose and lactate concentrations, subjective appetite sensations will also be recorded. The tests will follow best practice guidelines for glycaemic index testing. These data will provide insight into how differing formulations can alter the glycaemic responses to fruit drinks, and whether sampling technique can affect the interpretations of measurement.
Who may be able to participate?
The list below is the sponsor’s full registry wording. It can include conditions, prior treatment, test results and other requirements. A match in search does not mean you qualify.
Inclusion Criteria:
- Age: 18-65 years
- Body mass index 18-30 kg/m2
Exclusion Criteria:
- diagnosis of any form of diabetes
- intolerances or allergies to any of the study procedures (e.g. fructose/inulin intolerance)
- Fructose malabsorption
- Inborn errors of fructose metabolism (e.g. fructokinase deficiency, aldolase B deficiency, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase deficiency)
- pregnant or lactating
- any condition that could introduce bias to the study (e.g. diagnoses of lipid disorders, including cardiovascular disease, or therapies that alter lipid or glucose metabolism, such as statins or niacin).
Treatment, groups and participation
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- Assignment
- Random assignment
- Masking
- No masking
CONTROL
50 g glucose (55 g dextrose powder accounting for hydration) plus 641 mL water
Other: Fruit drink
REPLICATE CONTROL
50 g glucose (55 g dextrose powder accounting for hydration) plus 641 mL water
Other: Fruit drink
S&B
417 mL of commercially available "Strawberries \& Bananas" fruit smoothie providing 50 g carbohydrate \[strawberries (31%), apples, bananas (22%), white grapes, oranges, blackcurrants\]. Plus 224 mL water to standardise volume
Other: Fruit drink
REPLICATE S&B
417 mL of commercially available "Strawberries \& Bananas" fruit smoothie providing 50 g carbohydrate \[strawberries (31%), apples, bananas (22%), white grapes, oranges, blackcurrants\]. Plus 224 mL water to standardise volume
Other: Fruit drink
OJ
641 mL of commercially available "Smooth Orange Juice" providing 50 g of carbohydrate \[100% oranges\]
Other: Fruit drink
AJ
455 mL commercially available "Apple Juice" providing 50 g of carbohydrate \[apples, ascorbic acid\]. Plus 186 mL water to standardise volume
Other: Fruit drink
ENERGISE
417 mL of commercially available "Energise Super Smoothie" providing 50 g carbohydrate \[apples (50%), red grapes, bananas, strawberries (10%), blackcurrants, sour cherries (3.3%), pressed beetroot, flax seeds (0.56%), guarana infusion (0.01%), vitamins B1, B2, B3, B6, C \& E\]. Plus 224 mL water to standardise volume
Other: Fruit drink
BLUE
521 mL of commercially available "Bolt from the Blue" juice drink providing 50 g carbohydrate \[apple (66%), coconut water (18%), white grapes, white guava (5.2%), passion fruit, lime (0.87%), spirulina extract (0.81%) vitamins B1, B2, B3, B6, C \& E\]. Plus 120 mL water to standardise volume
Other: Fruit drink
Fruit drink OTHER
Commercially available fruit drinks or smoothies
What researchers are measuring
Outcome measures describe what is being studied. They are not proof that a treatment works.
Primary measures
Glycaemic indices for 5 test drinks measured using capillary blood samples
Time frame: 120 minutes
Glycaemic indices \[2-hour incremental area under the glucose curve (mmol/L-1x120 minutes) for each of the 5 test drinks relative to mean value of control conditions (CONTROL, REPLICATE CONTROL), expressed as a percentage\] in capillary blood samples
Secondary measures
Glycaemic index of all conditions with capillary blood samples vs CGM
Time frame: 120 minutes
The difference in glycaemic index \[2-hour incremental area under the glucose curve (mmol/L-1x120 minutes) for 5 test drinks relative to mean control (CONTROL, REPLICATE CONTROL), expressed as a percentage\] in capillary blood samples versus continuous glucose monitors.
Other measures
Comparisons between conditions in glucose concentration in capillary samples
Time frame: 120 minutes
Comparison of blood glucose concentration 2-hour incremental area under the curve (iAUC) min.mmol/L between test conditions
Comparisons between conditions in glucose concentration in capillary samples
Time frame: 120 minutes
Comparison of postprandial peak concentration mmol/L of blood glucose between test conditions (Cmax)
Comparisons between conditions in glucose concentration in capillary samples
Time frame: 120 minutes
Comparison of time to peak blood glucose concentration in minutes (Tmax) between test conditions
Comparisons between conditions in glucose concentration in capillary samples
Time frame: 120 minutes
Comparison of blood glucose concentration mmol/L at 2 hours between test conditions
Comparisons between conditions in glucose concentration with CGM
Time frame: 120 minutes
Comparison of glucose concentration 2-hour incremental area under the curve (iAUC) min.mmol/L between test conditions
Comparisons between conditions in glucose concentration with CGM
Time frame: 120 minutes
Comparison of postprandial peak concentration mmol/L of glucose between test conditions (Cmax)
Comparisons between conditions in glucose concentration with CGM
Time frame: 120 minutes
Comparison of time to peak glucose concentration in minutes (Tmax) between test conditions
Comparisons between conditions in glucose concentration with CGM
Time frame: 120 minutes
Comparison of glucose concentration mmol/L at 2 hours between test conditions
Comparisons between conditions in lactate concentration in capillary samples
Time frame: 120 minutes
Comparison of blood lactate concentration 2-hour incremental area under the curve (iAUC) min.mmol/L between test conditions
Comparisons between conditions in lactate concentration in capillary samples
Time frame: 120 minutes
Comparison of postprandial peak concentration mmol/L of blood lactate between test conditions (Cmax)
Comparisons between conditions in lactate concentration in capillary samples
Time frame: 120 minutes
Comparison of time to peak blood lactate concentration in minutes (Tmax) between test conditions
Comparisons between conditions in lactate concentration in capillary samples
Time frame: 120 minutes
Comparison of blood lactate concentration mmol/L at 2 hours between test conditions
Comparisons between conditions of appetite ratings
Time frame: 120 minutes
Comparison of subjective appetite sensations assessed with visual analogue scales (2-hour area under the curve min.mmVAS)
Comparisons between individuals
Time frame: 120 minutes
Comparison of Postprandial lactate concentration min.mmol/L between individuals 2-hour incremental area under curve (iAUC)
Comparisons between individuals
Time frame: 120 minutes
Comparison of Postprandial glucose concentration min.mmol/L between individuals 2-hour incremental area under curve (iAUC)
Comparisons between individuals
Time frame: 120 minutes
Comparison of Appetite rating responses min.mmVAS between individuals 2-hour area under curve (AUC)
Comparisons within individuals
Time frame: 120 minutes
Comparison within individuals of interstitial glucose concentrations measurements from continuous glucose monitors on left and right arms.
Review the complete result tables and limitations in the official record.
Open official results ↗Research locations (1)
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1 locations
Department for Health, University of BathBath, United KingdomStatus unknown
Study team and timeline
- Lead sponsor
- University of Bath
- Study start
- Mar 13, 2025 Actual
- Primary completion
- Jul 9, 2025 Actual
- Study completion
- Jul 9, 2025 Actual
- First posted
- Mar 27, 2025 Actual
- Last updated
- Nov 10, 2026 Actual
Official study contacts
No central contact is listed. Check the locations and the official record.
Official study title
Study to Examine Glycaemic Responses to the Ingestion of Fruit Juices and Smoothies Using Different Measurement Methodologies.
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Source: ClinicalTrials.gov API v2. Information is submitted by sponsors and investigators. NLM does not approve the safety or science of all listed studies. Registry disclaimer.
Retrieved: Nov 12, 2026 · Last registry update: Nov 10, 2026