The Effect of 4-7-8 Breathing Exercises on Pain, Comfort, and Satisfaction During Intramuscular Injection
Procedural Pain
De qué trata este estudio
El registro no identifica actualmente este estudio como reclutando. Consulta su estado antes de planificar una evaluación.
- Tipo de estudio
- De intervención
- Fase
- No aplica
- Rango de edad
- 18 años - 65 años
- Sexo admitido
- Todos los sexos
- Voluntarios sanos
- No aceptados
- Participantes
- 140 Real
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Las explicaciones y la navegación están en español. Los textos proporcionados por el registro, incluidos títulos, resúmenes y criterios, se conservan en su idioma original. Puedes pedir orientación en español a WCR.
Acerca de la investigación
The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of 4-7-8 breathing exercises performed before and during intramuscular injection on pain intensity, patient comfort, and satisfaction in adults using a randomized controlled trial design.
Leer la descripción completa
The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of 4-7-8 breathing exercises performed before and during intramuscular injection on pain intensity, patient comfort, and satisfaction in adults using a randomized controlled trial design.Participants in the intervention group received a verbal explanation of how to perform the 4-7-8 breathing exercise before intramuscular injection, followed by a demonstration accompanied by an instructional video.Participants in the control group received standard intramuscular injections without any additional breathing exercises.
¿Quién podría participar?
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Inclusion Criteria:
Patients aged 18 years or older. Patients presenting to the green-zone treatment unit of the emergency department.
Patients scheduled to receive a single-dose intramuscular injection of diclofenac sodium (75 mg/3 mL) into the ventrogluteal site, as prescribed by a physician.
Ability to read and write in Turkish. Cognitive ability to understand and follow the study instructions. Willingness to participate in the study and provision of written informed consent.
Exclusion Criteria:
Acute or chronic respiratory diseases. Neuromuscular disorders affecting respiratory function or respiratory muscles. Respiratory symptoms that could interfere with the performance of the breathing exercise.
History of dizziness, syncope, or hyperventilation. Diagnosed panic disorder or anxiety disorder. Uncontrolled hypertension, severe cardiovascular disease, or arrhythmia. Pregnancy or breastfeeding. Use of analgesics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, sedatives, anxiolytics, or muscle relaxants within 24 hours before the injection.
Lesions, infection, hematoma, or edema at the injection site. Body mass index (BMI) below 18.5 kg/m² or ≥30 kg/m². Inability to understand and follow the study instructions.
Entiende la evaluación inicialTratamiento, grupos y participación
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- Asignación
- Asignación al azar
- Enmascaramiento
- Enmascaramiento doble
Control group
no intervention
4 7 8 breath exercise group
4 7 8 breath exercise
Other: 4 7 8 breath exercise
4 7 8 breath exercise OTHER
Participants in the intervention group received a verbal explanation of how to perform the 4-7-8 breathing exercise before intramuscular injection, and the procedure was demonstrated using an instructional video. The exercise consisted of three phases: inhaling for four seconds, holding the breath for seven seconds, and exhaling slowly and in a controlled manner for eight seconds. Participants performed eight repetitions under the researcher's supervision, and their ability to perform the exercise was assessed. Standard intramuscular injection was initiated once participants demonstrated the ability to perform the exercise. The breathing exercise began before the injection and continued throughout the injection procedure.
Qué evalúan los investigadores
Estas medidas indican qué se estudia. No prueban que un tratamiento funcione.
Medidas principales
Pain Scores Assessed by Visual Analog Scale (VAS)
Plazo: Immediately after intramuscular injection (post-injection) (Day 1)
Pain intensity will be assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst imaginable pain). Higher scores indicate greater pain intensity.
Medidas secundarias
Post-Injection Satisfaction Scale Scores
Plazo: Immediately after intramuscular injection (post-injection) (Day 1)
Post-Injection Satisfaction Scale The Post-Injection Satisfaction Scale (PISS), developed by Yıldız and ve Çiftçi, was used to assess patients' satisfaction with the injection procedure. The scale is a 5-point Likert-type structure rated from 1=Not at all satisfied to 5=Very satisfied. The scale consists of two dimensions: 'Satisfaction with the Practitioner' (Items 5-9) and 'Satisfaction with the Procedure' (Items 1-4). Scoring is based on the average of the items, with the lowest possible score being 1 and the highest possible score being 5. As the score increases, the patient's satisfaction level also increases.
Comfort Scale for Injection
Plazo: Immediately after intramuscular injection (post-injection) (Day 1)
Comfort Scale for Injection (CTSI): The Comfort Scale for Injection was developed by Yıldız et al. 2024 to assess comfort levels related to injection procedures (Yildiz et al., 2024). It consists of 10 items rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree). Higher scores indicate greater comfort.
Injection Fear Scale Scores
Plazo: Assessment of the fear of injection experienced by the participants before the procedure.
Fear of Injection Scale (FIS): The Fear of Injection Scale was developed by Yıldız and Çiftçi (2023) to assess individuals' fear related to injection procedures (Yıldız \& Çiftçi, 2023). The scale consists of 14 items rated on a 5-point Likert scale. Higher scores indicate greater fear.
Revisa las tablas completas y sus limitaciones en el registro oficial.
Abrir resultados oficiales ↗Centros de investigación (1)
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1 centros
Atatürk Sanatoryum Eğitim ve Araştırma HastanesiAnkara, Turkey (Türkiye)Estado desconocido
Equipo y fechas
- Patrocinador principal
- Saglik Bilimleri Universitesi
- Inicio del estudio
- 1 jul 2026 Real
- Finalización primaria
- 30 oct 2026 Real
- Finalización del estudio
- 30 oct 2026 Real
- Primera publicación
- 10 nov 2026 Real
- Última actualización
- 10 nov 2026 Real
Contactos oficiales del estudio
No hay un contacto central indicado. Revisa los centros y el registro oficial.
Título oficial del estudio
The Effect of 4-7-8 Breathing Exercises on Pain, Comfort, and Satisfaction During Intramuscular Injection in Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Consulta a Wellness Clinical Research
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Fuente: API v2 de ClinicalTrials.gov. Patrocinadores e investigadores envían la información. La NLM no aprueba la seguridad ni la ciencia de todos los estudios registrados. Aviso del registro.
Consultado: 11 nov 2026 · Última actualización del registro: 10 nov 2026